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57:40>> And there are mechanisms that can go and silence component parts >> uh in that production process. >> Yeah. >> And in the case we just brought up >> that was happening even though there was a purple dominant on the green. That's what was happening. And so when if you just looked purely at the genetic >> at the genetic thing, you'd be like, "This should be the green should also be purple. It's got the purple gene on it." >> And now this epigenetic layer around the silencing on the C. >> Uh uh. >> Yeah. Getting methylated. >> Getting methylated is what is causing the different phenotypic outcome. >> Yes. Very good. Exactly. And this is non-Mandelian because it's doing all
58:21this weird shenanigans and it's the epigenetics that's doing it. [clears throat] Okay, so this is the this is already an example of non-Mandelian epigenetic inheritance. >> But for the longest time, this has been ubiquitously reported in plants, insects like Drosophila because we're so good at Drosophila genome that like it's like easy to find. Okay, but proving their prevalence in higher order mammals was next to impossible. And we're going to get into why. That's where the technological revolution comes in that enables this paper. Okay. And just a side note, in 2006 there was a paper that showed that mice can have RNA mediated non-Mandelian inheritance, but there was a lot of dismissal of the
59:01findings because um they were like, "Oh, this is just something that happens in strange transgenic mice because the mouse model that was used here was transgenic." And I think it's totally fair. I just want to This is the funding issue thing. >> Oh, this is the funding issue thing. Yeah. >> We don't We don't have to get into it. We don't have to get into it. >> The trans mice. Yes. Trans >> Genic mice, right? Please do not cut our funding. >> We're not We're not making mice trans. But in any case, it was an interesting little finding. I mean, it got published in Nature, so it was a big deal. But again, it's in transgenic mice. It's easier to do analysis in transgenic mice because you've got a very nice blueprint of what the genetics is. it's not a
59:42naturally like sort of super diverse genetic population, right? So, you know exactly what to look for. Um, but perhaps it's not so general, right? And if it's an RNA mediated thing, maybe it's just special and it's not as general as like DNA methylation. This RNA mediated mechanism was not through DNA methylation. It was through something else. There's a bunch of other stuff that can happen. Right. >> So, the point was they were looking this mice population is not necessarily representative of the natural world in a way that we can extrapolate the results. >> Exactly. Yeah. And it's like at the end of the day I want to see like is this something I can apply to humans. Right. >> Um so still some scientists suspected