The new quantum silicon processor

2:55:55the quantum silicon. Okay, it's got 18 cubits now. >> Okay, >> so 18 * 3, there's 54 electrons that are moving around in this thing. And this thing has enough wiring that is comparable to Google's Willow. >> That's crazy. >> That's actually crazy. >> Yeah, >> we don't need microwave coax. >> That's so crazy. >> Right. >> Right. This just looks like a PC. >> Yeah. In Yeah. Right. >> Right. I mean, it's a lot of metal >> instead of like plastic. >> Sure. >> That's like in the gaming PCs, but it kind of just looked there's a printed circuit board. There's like these like >> the the you know, ribbon uh cables that

2:56:37are coming in, flex cables that like connect your GPU to your monitor and things like that. >> It looks like a custom PC. >> It just looks kind of boring. >> Yeah. >> And that's kind of the point, >> right? Boring is good because boring is scalable. Okay. Now, the next photo we have, it's labeled. Although, I don't know if you can see. So, on the bottom, you've got the the chip itself, right? Before before you had just three and three. Now, you've got 54 down there. >> Um, >> and a bunch of single electron transistors on the bottom. Yep. >> So, that's your cubid chip. And, um, >> they call it a daughterboard. Yeah,

2:57:18that's the daughterboard at the very bottom. Okay, that is being held up like this from the two sides and then the bottom. That thing is at the millichelvin temperature, >> right? Which Yeah. And only that needs to be maintained at that >> at the millich Kelvin temperature. That is key. >> That's kind of nice. >> That is key. >> That's kind of nice. >> But the the the green part that you're seeing behind [clears throat] it that's coming down there, that thing is actually not connected to the side and the bottom. >> Okay. >> Okay. except for a little tiny cable at the at at the back there. And I don't know if you could see this, but um actually, let's remove the the thing so I can I can show you. >> So, here we've got the daughterboard on

2:58:00the bottom. >> Yeah. >> You see that square that's highlighted? >> Yep. >> That's the chip. That's the quantum chip with the 54 electrons, 18 cubits. >> Yep. >> This is the 4 Kelvin stage. >> Mhm. that [clears throat] has something called a cryo controller which we're going to get to. But the key thing is this bottom part is at 10 like tens of millichelvin. This top part here is at 4 Kelvin. And the only connection between these two is this highlighted part here. >> A little a little corner pipe. >> Yes. All of the electronics that if this electronics wants to talk to the daughterboard, it only has to go through this superconducting ribbon cable. >> That's actually really nice. That's really nice because there's no thermal

2:58:41loading >> into the daughterboard. That's the key, >> right? These are separated inside a vacuum chamber and the dilution refrigerator, the helium that's pumping is pumping on this bottom part >> that is going to create that tens of millichel. >> That's actually really clever. Yeah. >> Uh you've basically created like a Lincoln tunnel of where everything needs to go through to get to New York City. >> Mhm. And and but there's the thing is it's like it's like very it's like a wide Lincoln tunnel with a lot of like road like lanes. Yeah. And then you don't have congestion problems or anything. It's just like if Lincoln tunnel was actually efficient >> is if it was actually efficient. Right. And the if you if you go back to that um photo 73. >> Yep.

2:59:21>> Right. So on the bottom that's the millkevin stage that's got your cubits. >> Yep. >> The cryocontroller is another big part of this setup and that's at the top there. We're going to get into what that actually does. And the way that cryocontroller controls the cubits at the bottom is through the ribbon cable >> which in this in this kind of diagram we can kind of see in that smaller golden box at below in the white diagram. >> Yeah. It's going like behind it. You can't see it because it's behind. >> It's like outlined with like a little It's the same thing as here. Like it literally it's it's like Yeah. No, that that makes it that's okay. So I can already I can already see now >> where this is going >> because of what we've previously laid the table for why that architectural or

3:00:04structural design choice is going to be meaningful in terms of our criterion. >> And now let's let's go to the um let's go let's take a look at the actual cubits. >> Okay. >> Okay. So this is just a bigger version of that six cubit thing that we had seen. I mean sorry six electrons that we had seen earlier. Now we've got 54. Again there's there's wiring. >> Mhm. But all of this wiring is silicon. >> Yeah, >> you can print it like a chip. >> We know how to do this with the lithography stuff that ASML does as an example. >> As an example, right, this is not done with the same like EUV lithography, but there's no reason why it wouldn't be able to, right? For sure. For sure. >> Um, and so here you've got 54 um electrons that are being controlled.

3:00:46There's like two there's like two wires in each cuz there's a barrier and then there's a there's a spot where it sits. There is the 2D confinement of the electrons. >> Quite nice, >> right? >> Each of the electrons are sitting under these plunger gates, we call them. Those are the purples. >> Those that's a single cubit. There's three. And control pulses come in in the barrier gates >> to give you >> Oh, this is dude. This is nice. >> Yeah, >> this is nice. >> We We already know how to do all of the engineering of the substrate. >> Yeah. the what was really missing was the like what you needed it to look like and do architecturally and then

3:01:26obviously the larger system around it. But like >> but but this you you can see that maybe this can probably scale. >> I I can one already from just >> again the how can we uh uh control and read uh make sense. Yeah. based on what we've talked about this like with the potential wells why we're doing the singlet and triplet and like the the lack of uh global interference but there's still local interference which can be handled with all the things we've talked about um but the I think the ability to do this in silicon is is like a huge again not knowing

3:02:06really much otherwise seems to me to be a huge enabling layer >> for all of the reasons we've kind of talked about Yeah. >> And the fact that the insilica like works like still has its own unique benefits for the quality and control aspects that are independent of the scalability, but it's not just >> there's the chip and then and then you zoom out that goes inside the daughterboard looks like a computer. >> Yeah. And you can handle the cooling separately. >> Mhm. And there's going to be aspects of the cooling that I'm going to talk about that are that are that are really cool. The cry controller has a lot to do with that. And but all of this sits inside of a dilution refrigerator.

3:02:47>> And there's plenty of space for more cubits. >> Yeah. >> Each of these things is tens of nanometers. >> Unlike superconducting cubits that are millimeters, >> right? There's plenty of space on a wafer >> for more stuff. >> We can fit a lot into our data center and your data center. >> Yeah. [laughter] And all it requires is like a single dilution refrigerator or maybe two. You don't need a whole data center worth of a data center can now have multiple quantum computers, not a single one, >> which is again the scalability, but let's we'll get back to that. >> Yeah, I mean there's there's a lot more to talk about, right? Unfortunately. [laughter] >> No, we're going to get >> No, we're we're we're doing well. Um and I mean I love talking about this stuff. So, okay, how do you keep that cubit

3:03:28chip isolated thermally? >> Right. >> Right. Um and I kind of I kind of alluded to this with the ribbon cable and so on and so forth, but let's actually get into it. So, um,