All-to-all connectivity

1:38:41>> now what about the control? So we did cubid quality and sort of gate quality. Now the control there is a strength here there you can get all to all connectivity. >> Ah >> okay you don't have to do nearest neighbor because what you can do is move around the ion so that any ion can talk to any other ion right um and for helios from quantinium. Helios is their latest processor that that is also out in nature. They had a um they had a a nice paper out in nature. >> Not on the cover though. [laughter] >> Yeah that was me. That was me. >> That was Lester. Okay. That was Lester. first author on this. So, congrats. >> Congratulations. Congratulations. >> Yeah. So, anyway, this is what the This is what the cubid chip looks like. So,

1:39:22on the right hand side, it's printed out. You can see there's like a ring. >> Mhm. [clears throat] >> And then there's like a sort of two two trains that are going into the ring. The these are where all the ions sit. Okay. The ring is kind of like ring storage. Um and the >> and that's your memory. The ring is your memory. And then on the right hand side where you do the logic is your processor. Looks very vonomani >> you know vonoman architecture. You've got the separation between memory and processing. So I thought that was kind of cool. That is nice. >> Um >> I just think yeah the the implementation of like >> there being a separate storage for processing and a separate storage for memory. And you can have this kind of memory because your coherence times are

1:40:02so long. You can like mess with stuff and then just move it into into the memory and it'll kind of just remember where it was. And what you can do is move stuff around so that there's an interaction zone. >> Oh, in the middle >> where you can like make the two interact. You can put any two ions right next to each other. And that's where it's that that's where they get their all to all connectivity. Now they out here saying >> that it's all to all connectivity, two at a time, right? Because it's really you got to put two next to each other. >> Okay. >> And then you interact those two. It's just you can choose any two. >> Two. Okay. >> Right. >> So it's like >> it is all toall connectivity. Yes. Yes. >> But it's two at a time. >> Okay. >> Right. >> But it's it's still pretty good.

1:40:43>> Okay. >> Um >> so I thought that was really cool. And then this this is the quantum logic the processing part of their paper. Um one other really cool thing that I that I thought of actually when I was when I was visiting this. So they use barerium as their computational cubit right the barium ion the hyperfine. So the outer electron being either aligned or not aligned. That's your zero and one. Um, but if you want to cool this thing down, you still need to cool it down, right? Like you still need it to not jiggle around and access like like the ion itself is going to have other states. Just like how the superconducting cubit had all these twos, threes, and fours, the ion itself, the electron could do random other nonsense, right? So there's

1:41:23other states that you don't want it to get to, which means you got to cool even the ion down, >> right? >> Um, but you don't want to cool it down by poking it, >> which is independent of it being in a vacuum. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's an independent thing. >> Yeah. If it's in a vacuum, that means no atom is going to bump into it, >> right? But still, >> but there's still, as I said, these photons and things going around, right? And you don't want it to access like all these other spots. Um, >> you don't and and the the electromagnetic trap is also moving it around, right? The the little rotating saddle is also moving it around. So, you got to be able to cool this thing. And when you're moving it around in this ring and the processor, right, you're physically moving these ions around. That's going to introduce heat into the system. So, you need a way to cool it down. >> Okay. Um, but you don't want to poke the

1:42:04barium >> ion because that would destroy the quantum information. So, every single barerium ion has a partner utbium ion right next to it. And what you do is you cool the uterbium ion with a different laser at a different frequency, >> right? And then because the uturbium ion is cooling and the berium ion is like interacting with the ion, they're all in the same trap. >> The berium ion is also going to get cooled, but it's not going to lose its quantum information. M >> I thought that was kind of cool and that's why you see the circle there's like a small circle and a bigger circle. The bigger circle is the uterium ion that that we're using to cool down the barerium. >> I thought that was a cool trick. >> It's like a conduit. It's it's basically it becomes this like this companion that

1:42:48offloads the cooling function uh that gets passed on to the barerium but uh in a such a way that allows the barerium to retain its quantum information. Yes. Um but you basically it's always paired the barium's always paired with the in order to be able to in the quantum logic part of the system >> uh manage >> everywhere >> and even in the memory >> even in the memory part to basically manage this cooling uh aspect to it which which is which is quite that is quite cool. Uh as a small side note, this is maybe unrelated when we've talked about uh the vonoyoman bottleneck when you separate your memory from your processor. Is there a similar problem in

1:43:29this type of system because we're separating the two where where there you get some inefficiency because you have to translate >> I mean I think kind of yes like you know what I'm trying to ask that question >> I I think totally because I mean you you have to move stuff around >> and so you >> in order to get into the processing part right and so this is the whole all connectivity two at a time >> two at a time >> right because the in the processor part you can only have these things two at a time and then you're applying these logic gates using your lasers right >> yeah yeah and so in part the AR But you can do this with trapped ions because the coherence time is long enough that you can move this stuff around and it'll like kind of retain that information. >> That makes sense. No, that makes sense. Okay. Okay. Yes. Yes. >> So, I I thought that was kind of cool. >> We've talked about quality. Uh very

1:44:11high. >> Yeah. >> Quality is very high. The gate times might be a little too long. Um control is pretty cool, but again, you have the slowness associated with moving stuff around, >> but some cleverness in implementation. >> Scalability and economics. Scalability and economics is next. This is where I think the architecture kind of hits the wall. >> Um, what they did with Helios, Quantinium, what they did with Helios, I think they know that they can't do this for larger systems. >> Okay. >> Okay. Because you can only really fit like 30 to 50 ions in that linear chain. I don't know how many they fit actually with no with Helios obviously it was like 98, right? So they had much more than let's say it's like 200ish. But if you want to get to many many more, >> that thing is not going to work. um that

1:44:52that sort of architecture is not going to work to scale up. Um you know, you need this atomic highway to do all sorts of weird things. Um and it might be a real nightmare when it comes to optical engineering. Lasers