Where ketamine seems to change AMPA receptor activity

29:08and surprisingly, it was not uniform. There was like what what they would do is figure out what is the AMPA receptor density before the treatment and then you give them ketamine and then you figure out what is the after, right? Not everywhere in the brain changed. Okay. >> Very specific regions of the brain actually changed. There's this place where there's reward processing, it's called the habenula. Okay. >> Okay. A lot of AMPA receptor shifts were happening there. And this region-specific shift is strongly connected to the improvement >> I see. in the depressive symptoms, okay? So, we can also see that. Not only is there change, we can also see that how much change is related to how much the depression gets better. So, clearly we have some mechanism here, right? Mhm.

29:50And this is very early. This is very early, but I think it's very very cool because now we're seeing these dynamic changes in something as fundamental as the AMPA receptor. This is not like serotonin, again, this is not serotonin or dopamine or things like that, which are very specific to certain circuits that have to do with reward, that have to do with pleasure and things like that. AMPA is like how like it's like the again, cash. It's not a weird commodity like gold or something. This is how all neurons talk to one another, right? And so, this is a very fundamental substrate. Can I try to make a a different analogy maybe here? Um, would it be like saying these AMPA receptors are like the

30:31the the under the underwater internet pipes. Mhm. Whereas the serotonin are like a webpage or a specific domain that is accessible on the internet, but it's not the actual system that information is sent through. Like I'm trying to I don't know that I quite understand the cash analogy. It doesn't track in my head as well. Um so, I'm trying to understand the how to differentiate thinking about serotonin and dopamine as different from these receptors. Yeah. Okay. So, let's let's go with the internet analogy, right? Um if if you say that the um the amp the