How ketamine may rapidly lift severe depression

22:04um paper because I've always wondered why ketamine or ketamine is so effective against depression. So, major depressive disorder, that's MDD, it's a major global health problem. Um 30% who are diagnosed are given treatment-resistant depression. That's the tag that they're given because even normal antidepressants don't work on them. Ketamine seems to work on them. Okay. And it's weird for two reasons. One, why does ketamine work when all these other antidepressants don't? And two, ketamine works at a really fast time scale. Okay. Okay? Most of the time when you take

22:44antidepressants like in pill form, the the effects are going to come in like a week to a month. That's the time scale that you're looking at. >> Yes. With ketamine, it's like minutes. Really? >> Okay, yeah. Yeah. That's >> it's like you're there at getting the therapy, you know, getting it injected and then like it's like within the hour to like that day is like when you start feeling not depressed. >> Mhm. Okay? So, there's clearly a very different mechanism about what's going on. Right. And for the longest time it's been really quite nebulous how it's actually working. And a lot of times with the brain a lot of things are nebulous because we don't know enough. There's so many things that are working around and at some point, you know, you just you

23:24just sort of say, "Hey, it's working." But as scientists we always want to figure out what's actually happening because then we can model things very well. We can start thinking, "Okay, how is ketamine actually going to affect? What is the dosage that we want to give? What is the frequency with we will with which we want to give?" If we have a fundamental understanding, then we can actually start doing clinical trials for like different types of therapies, different schedules, and things like that. So, it's very important to actually figure out what is going on. Now, there were early um studies that showed it had something to do with the AMPA R receptor. So, a brief overview of neuroscience.