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20:50Pakistan had some really bad flooding that killed 1,000 people this past summer. >> It's only going to get worse. And mountain regions are really critical for a lot of human population. Billions of people rely on mountains for their source of water. And if it's just going to rain instead of being sequestered into ice, that then gradually, >> right, >> becomes water, that's going to be huge for >> climate catastrophe. You know, >> it does like just into it. It does make if you have the whole concept in your head of like heat rises when you're in a house and your your attic is hotter than the basement, >> it's like okay well like at higher elevations >> Yeah. >> it make it
21:30>> Yeah. the difference is going to be bigger. Yes, >> at those higher elevations. >> So that that that does make sense. >> Um for a lighter story that is not as existential as >> elevation dependent climate change >> is a story that was actually published in the New York Times. We love to see when science makes it to the front pages of mainstream media. In this case, it's about dogs building their vocabulary like toddlers. And so this is something that like makes total sense. >> Yeah. Anyone who's at a dog. >> And so the the summary on this, this was in science. Children as young as 18
22:10months can acquire novel words by overhearing third-p partyy interactions. Don't be nosy. Demonstrating similar learning processes in nonhuman species would indicate that social cognitive skills supporting this process are not exclusive exclusively human but may have evolved or can develop in other species offering valuable insights into the origin of language related cognition. We're not so special after all. Yeah. And what I really like this about this story is like how they did that experiment. So what they looked at was particular types of dogs. They actually found that hurting dogs have a particular knack for this. Border cal
22:52border collies, Australian shepherds. What they did was they said, "Okay, we're going to have the human owners toss a toy back and forth while the dog is just monitoring the situation." Okay? So there's no reward based learning. >> There's no like, "Oh, here's a treat when you associate this toy with a certain name." Instead, the humans are going back and forth with this toy, and they refer to it multiple times in the conversation. So, they're like, "This is stingray. Give me the stingray." "Oh, do you want the stingray? I'll take the stingray." And the dog is just sort of passively observing. And then later on, they test the the dog. They're like, "Bring me stingray." 80% of the time, these dogs, they they tested 10 dogs.
23:3480% of the time it came back with the correct >> toy, which is way out of >> statistical noise, you know, and >> they had a control with 10 other dogs that I guess didn't show this kind of aptitude >> and they were at baseline. >> Mhm. >> And I particularly like this because I had my family dog, she was a corgi. She would be able to do exactly this. And we never taught her with reward-based learning because my dad is like philosophically against reward-based learning. Um, so you know, we would just like be talking in Orya and Hindi and English and she understood all three
24:15languages. And when I I remember once I I was like really surprised. I I would tell her like bring me this toy in Odia and she would bring it and exactly that toy. >> And once she actually brought the wrong toy and I said no, no, no, not that one. I said this one. She went back and then she brought the right one. It was like I was like, "Wow." But it's all passive learning, >> right? >> You know, very cool. >> Yes. As uh someone who has three dogs, uh my lived experience >> Yeah. >> maps on to this except for one dog who not doesn't have all the marbles upstairs, but that's >> Yeah, he's part of the control group. >> He's part of the control group. >> Yeah, [laughter] correct. He's part of the control group. >> Um I always love a dog story. all the
24:57animal stories. You guys seem to love the animal stories and so we will continue try to touch on them as we can. The last story in the rundown is about life's chemistry is the beginnings of life's chemistry and how it may have began in the cold darkness of space. This is out of Arus University in Denmark published in Nature Astronomy. New experiments reveal that protein precursors can form naturally in deep space under extreme extreme cold and radiation. Scientists found that simple amino acid bonds and peptides on interstellar dust long before stars and planet exists. The ch