The unexpected neuron discovery

1:05:50>> What you would think based on that previous um based on that previous photo is that the stem cells are creating the oligodendrittes, right? Which is then populating the myelin. >> So, this has something to do with the oligoendritty. This is an innate mechanism within the stem cells within the iloenderytes that is doing the repair. They did a bunch of studies which I'm not going to show here because I mean they have so many amazing figures. But one of the figures that we're going to skip here is they put in the gene and expressed it only in the stem cells the precursor cells the oligo dendrite precursor cells. Naively you would think

1:06:32>> that's all I need. >> Right? If the oligodendrites have this new gene and those are the ones that are doing the repair, then it should be enough to do the repair. Nothing happens. >> Okay? >> So somehow the gene is affecting the stem cells to become myelin but the gene has nothing to do with those stem cells. >> There's a intermediary. >> So yeah, so you introduce it into the environment like uh but it's not a direct correlation. If you if you introduce it to the entire genome, that's what they did with these mouse models, right? Is like all of the cells now have this gene, it works. If only the myelin sheath cells have this gene,

1:07:13it doesn't work. But that doesn't it's kind of weird because the myin sheath is the thing that is doing the repair, but it's not working. The ne the next figure we're going to see the the kind of resolution here. They expressed the genes only in the neurons. >> Mhm. And all of a sudden you get a recovery >> of that oligodendrites coming back and the myelin coming back >> as opposed to doing it in the OPC's. >> Yes. That's weird. >> Say that is weird. >> It's weird. It's like it's like the neurons are doing something >> that is >> that is then telling the OPC's to come and help me out. >> Help me. >> Help. Help me. >> Yeah, that's what's happening, right?

1:07:54But but that's an interesting point which is you know sometimes the the the site of where the the solution arises which is these OPC's that ultimately mature and then are the ones that create the myelin sheets. >> It it's it's actually could be that what is signaling it that's really where you need to target. And this is part of I think what we're trying to say we're getting at here >> and and and I had told you earlier that like the problem was not that the OPC's were not there. >> Correct. The problem was that the signaling was not there. They didn't know what to do. Perhaps per chance the neurons are signaling them to do this correctly. And the red stat genome that that gene that mutation is giving the

1:08:35neurons the ability to correctly tell the oligodendrites, hey, I need help. >> The the I need help signal >> was basically which goes from the neurons to the OPC. There there was a breakdown in communication. Yep. >> And that seems to now be where we're centering in as like the cause of the problem. >> And so we were looking in all the wrong places before. >> We had to do all that discovery work. >> We had to rule things out. >> And now it's okay. Actually, the thing that is giving the the proper instruction