Testing the device at 700°C

49:41>> Yeah, it really could. It really could. So let's now get into the paper. Let's talk about figure one. The graphine solution. Uh figure 1 a on the top left. That is their memor. Okay. You've got a little tungsten electrode up top. You've got halfname oxide in the middle and you've got a graphine electrode on the bottom. Okay. And that's effectively what's happening. The tungsten doesn't want to mess with the graphine. We're going to get into some of the cool physics about that later. on the right hand side is what I want to show. You see that curve that hysteresus curve that's characteristic of your >> memeister. So that is where they're showing the memeister.

50:24>> All of the colors are from from 0° C all the way down to 700°. >> And notice the curve maintains its shape. >> Yes. >> All the way down to 700°. This is crazy. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And because we're talking about 2 and a half 3x >> Yeah. >> the current level that we can >> Yeah. And if you I mean usually in in temperature we always as physicists like to talk in Kelvin, right? 0° C is going to be like 270 let's say 300 300 Kelvin. 700° C is 1,000 Kelvin. So this is three times the thermal energy that this thing is able to withstand because Kelvin is

51:04really how you scale like how much kinetic energy is in the system, right? like um at at 1,000 Kelvin or at 900 Kelvin, let's say, your atoms are moving with three times the kinetic energy. >> Yeah. >> As the atoms at 300 Kelvin, >> okay, at room temperature. So this is this is crazy. >> Yeah, it's it's Yeah. >> Yeah. On the on the bottom left plot, you're seeing the time axis on the x- axis, right? >> Yep. >> That's 10 the 4 seconds. You're maintaining those two states of high resistance, low resistance. >> So the cycling is maintaining.

51:44>> Yeah. >> That we talked about. The forests is going up and down. >> Yeah. And it's fine. >> And it's no problem. >> And it's not even coming together. >> Yeah. >> It's just flat, >> which is Right. Right. Right. Like there's not a de like there there's not a the collapse the it's not approaching the the circuit the short circuit. >> No, it's not. Yeah. Short circuit would exactly mean that like they're both coming to the same thing. We're not seeing that at all. at 700°C. This is cycling at 700°C. >> So we have it's stable. >> Yes. And on the right hand side we've got endurance of cycles. The x-axis there on the bottom right that's in log scale. >> Holy. >> Okay. That's not a linear scale. Each of those tick marks is 10 endurance cycles, then 100, then a,000, then 10,000,

52:26100,000. It goes all the way up to a billion cycles >> before we start to see. >> Yeah. And even then that could just be noise because there's there's there's enough like you know jitter in the beginning. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. It's not clearly this is incredible, >> right? Because what we're sort of saying there's two things here like one stability at high temperature which is C and then D is stability over time which goes back to the the two things. And I'm kind of getting what you were saying before about why the fundamentals of the structure impact both of these variables. >> Exactly. It's impacting both the temperature side of things which is in

53:07the B and the time side of things because it's like stable. The whole thing is stable. And actually the next one which is in I think this is figure two in the paper. This shows a schematic. You always want a cartoon for all us stupid people like me who are trying to understand what's going on. On the left is a old memeister. Okay. Tungsten, halfium oxide, platinum. At high temperatures, the tungsten is migrating and creating a paved highway. >> Mhm. >> So the electrons will just move through that. >> Yes. >> Cuz that's the path of least resistance. >> Yeah. No, no one's going to take the vacancies, the oxygen vacancies. Why would you do that when there's a highway right next door? M um it's like the Cars movie, you know, when the interstate was

53:47formed, [laughter] nobody went through Route 66 and then your town got wrecked, right? Okay. So, on the right hand side now, um there's no highway because the tungsten is trying to diffuse, but it just bounces back from the graphine. The graphine's like, I'm good. >> I'm all carbon >> and I'm good. >> It's It's like uh California's uh high-speed train. Yeah. >> 86 miles of track, but you can't really use it. >> Yeah, you can't. Yeah. I know. Where is it going? Where is it going? Nowhere. >> Nowhere. Right. And so and so that's exactly right. Yeah. And so the the the tungsten is sort of just like trying. It's still diffusing around. The atoms are still diffusing because of the high temperature, but it can't bind to the

54:28graphine. And so the only way through is with the vacancy centers that are created through that >> hiker's paradise. And that's where the electrons shuttle. And so now we have exquisite control of the resistance state. the the the one on the right here, the the the hiker's path that you talk about that structure which is the forest, the mo the bike analogy where we have the ability to control when they're up or down. That that that's the point is that that's the le the lever that gives us uh programmatic control for