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40:39where it was back then, so I shouldn't say that they were beaming the JPL, but now they do. Um, so you're beaming data to JPL. At some point, you're going to go behind the planet. >> So, you're going to get blocked. >> And then at another point, you're going to >> Yep. get back and you're going to start beaming. That occlusion >> tells you how big Jupiter is, the slice of Jupiter at the time. Right now, with Voyager 1 and 2 and Pioneer 10 and 11, you only really have six data points, >> right? Because it's like you go behind, you go so there's but one two for each and then there's like you know only four so eight sorry eight data points right cuz you're only going once they didn't revolve around Jupiter
41:19>> they just like visited and then they were on their way to the other planets >> yep >> Juno has been going around Jupiter for quite a while >> right so we get more measurements which means that our air bar can get smaller now our air bar is less than half a kilometer >> okay >> which is quite good >> quite nice >> um And since it arrived in 2016, it's collected a lot more data. Okay. What these guys did was with that additional data, what you can do is now actually calculate the size of Jupiter not only um you know at the equator but also at the poles because it's it's sort of traversing latitude on Jupiter as well as it moves around. >> Um >> what ends up happening is you send radio
42:00waves. Now imagine when there's no Jupiter between you, the radio wave just goes through. Fine. As you start approaching the disc of the gas giant, the radio waves are going to go through the top parts of the atmosphere, which have a bunch of ions, the ionosphere that we also have on Earth. And those ions are going to start changing the frequency of the radio waves. And it's also going to start bending the radio waves, right? Just because of refraction. >> And so you're going to get that data, too. the frequency is going to change and then at some point it's going to get completely cut off. >> Right. >> Right. And you're doing it at multiple latitudes. What ends up happening is so we found out that the poles are 12 km
42:41smaller than previous measurements. >> Okay. >> And the equator is only a little bit smaller by 2.5 miles. So it's flatter and the whole thing is smaller. >> Okay. >> And that's what we found. This is important because if we want to make models of Jupiter like the weather on Jupiter, what kind of weather phenomenon we'd see, the climate on Jupiter, things like that. >> Even a number this small is quite >> a big deal. >> Significant for any derivative calculations. Yeah. >> Or or simulation creation. >> Yeah. >> Um I thought that was cool. >> Very cool. That one's out of NASA. >> Yes. >> Jupiter. Smaller, flatter, but still very big. Yes,
43:22>> very very big. >> Yeah, very very big. And it was a nature astronomy. >> So our last story is about physicists getting a peak at how matter is born from nothing. >> Yes. >> Okay. >> Out of the vacuum. >> I'm going to need an explanation for this one. >> Out of the quantum vacuum. Right. Okay. So we really want to understand how particles like protons and neutrons get created especially in the very very early early universe. Right after the big bang, this mechanism of creation of these particles called hadrons. Hadrons are, you know, this con collection of quirks. Quirks are the fundamental
44:04atomic particles of the nucleus, not protons, but what's inside the protons. And it's a little unclear how that forms. Okay, there was something called