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39:30is out of Kyushu University in Japan. It was published in Science Advances. Scientists have discovered that the adolescent brain does more than prune old connections. During the teen years, it actively builds dense new clusters of synapses in specific parts of neurons. These clusters emerge only in adolescence and may help shape higher level thinking. When the process is disrupted, it could play a role in conditions like schizophrenia. Yeah, this is this was very exciting to me because, you know, by normal neurological dogma, we grow a lot of synapses as we get into our teen teenage years. So like when we're children, when
40:11we're toddlers, and then during teenage years, the the sort of main understanding is the synapses that don't have a lot of traffic, synapses are ways to connect from one neuron to another. And when those synapses don't have a lot of traffic, those synapses get deleted. Right? This is saying that actually in certain parts of the brain, new synapses form, not new neurons, but neurons are making new connections >> while we're teenagers. This kind of tracks with how I was as a teen, you [laughter] know. Um, specifically they looked at layer five neurons and the cerebral cortex. Cerebral cortex is the the neoortex part of our brain. That's the newest evolved for us mammals. The
40:53experiments were done in mice and layer 5 neurons are very cool because these are the neurons that collect a lot of data from the other layers and then send it out to other different parts of the brain. So this is very important for trafficking information and making sense of different sensory stimuli or different ideas and so on and so forth. The the authors do mention that this is experiments in mice and you know not everything that happens in mice translates to primates and humans but it's something to look into. Even in mice I think it's a pretty big deal because this kind of stuff I would assume is conserved across the mamalian lineage right something as deep as making new synapses. Yeah,
41:34>> I wouldn't be surprised if we found it now in primates, but this this is, you know, something that we can study further on. I think it's I think it's very cool. >> It definitely maps on to the behavior we see in teenagers for sure. >> Uh from a from a purely non-scientific perspective, it tracks. >> Yeah. >> Uh story number four is from Penn, University of Pennsylvania and University of Michigan. Penn, Michigan, create the world's smallest programmable autonomous robots. Uh because we need more robots. Uh this was published in science uh science robotics and proceedings of the national academy of
42:15sciences. Uh researchers at UPUPAN and University of Michigan have created the world's smallest fully programmable autonomous robots. Microscopic swimming machines little Michael Phelps is