Why DNA fails here — too few living cells, too much dead rain

52:46>> Not a perfect analogy, but if you try to take a photo that is really low resolution and blow it up to really high resolution, you're trying to take pixels that didn't exist and make them larger and this just going to be a larger version of not a lot of information. >> Yeah, exactly. Like if if you did one of those like AI um depixelizers of a really bad photo, it's just going to start making up stuff because you don't have actual in it's this is dead information from potentially a lot of dead stuff. >> A lot of dead stuff that's just been raining down on the ocean floor, right? So you can't really do that. >> Okay, that makes sense. >> So instead, what you do is you go for trying to detect lipids, which are fat molecules. Okay, lipids are the stuff that make up the cell membranes of your

53:30cell. Every single thing has this. Okay, a lipid membrane. You need a lipid membrane because how do you how do you define life? Well, you need an inside and outside, >> right? >> It's the border. How do you define a country? You need a border. >> Yeah. Yeah. Exactly. Yeah. But how do you define life? You need a border. You need a a 2D border for a 3D object, right? And that is always a lipid, a bi- lipid membrane, right? So, so every single thing of life is going to have these lipids. Now, there's going to be two types of lipids. There's going to be the living lipid, >> okay, >> from whatever is living in there. And then there's going to be the dead stuff that's raining down. How do we actually discern between the two, right? And so,

54:11here we're going to have two different types of lipids. There's the core lipid, which is lipids that look like this. They've got a um they've got a part that likes water >> on the top, the purple one, and then a part that doesn't like water. >> And what you do is you make two membranes out of this. So there's a part that likes water that is facing the outside, that is facing both the inside and the outside. And then the inner part is the part that doesn't like water. So now you've got a way to separate water from water, >> right? So you've got a way to separate the cytoplasm of your cell based on a wall that really doesn't like to cross.

54:53>> Those lipids have two parts. There's the part that likes water, the hydrophilic part, and then the hydrophobic part, which is like part that doesn't like water. >> If you see those intact, >> that means it's pretty recent. M >> on the other hand, if it's died for a while, >> those two will have clipped off >> and you're not going to see the two >> together >> together. Right. So, you've got these intact polar lipids. >> Okay. >> Right. And that's what these guys were